This situation would reverse after the fall of the Assyrian Empire in 612 BCE, hastened by the campaigns of the Medes and Babylonians who led a coalition of others against the weakening Assyrian state. Social - Persian Empire - Weebly There were no more corrupt kings or nobility - in Babylon the Torah scholars had complete authority. [12] The British consul reported that "in Beluchistan there are several hamlets inhabited by slaves, who till the Governments property around Bampr", and in Sstn "the cultivators of the soil are, for the most part, Slaves both black and white. These governors only had authority over bureaucratic-administrative matters while a military commander in the same region oversaw military/police matters. World History Encyclopedia. This strongly suggests that Iranian women, like the menfolk, were trained in the arts of war and capable of wielding weapons when called to duty. The Persian Empire, also known as the Achaemenid Empire, lasted from approximately 559 B.C.E. Thank you! Slaves were mainly obtained either through sale or warfare. Expert answered|MsAnyaForger|Points 4055| Log in for more information. Updated: September 30, 2019 | Original: January 25, 2018. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators . World History Encyclopedia. bought by gold) or if they were black as kk sh, while female slaves were referred to as kanz(ak). Under the laws initiated by Darius I, slaves could not be mistreated, beaten, or killed with impunity and a slave-owner or master of an estate who did so would face the same penalty as if the victim were a free citizen of the empire. The Behistun Inscription, a multilingual relief carved into Mount Behistun in Western Iran, extolls his virtues and was a critical key to deciphering cuneiform script. Although goddesses do appear in Sassanian art, mortal women are seen far more frequently. Expert answered| MsAnyaForger |Points 10590|. [12] He saw himself as a warrior king and lived up to that vision, taking full advantage of Rome's weakness during the Crisis of the Third Century (235-284 CE) to enlarge his empire. Most slaves in the Persian Empire were: Most slaves in the Persian Empire were: Turkish slaves. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. Slaves were procured through warfare, slave raids, by purchase or as gifts. The greatest woman warrior of the later Sassanian Empire was Apranik (d. c. 651 CE) who commanded the army against the invading Muslim-Arab forces during the reign of Yazdegerd III (632-651 CE). pp. After Ardashir I killed her father in battle, Sura sought revenge and is thought to have also been killed by Ardashir in battle sometime after her father's death. women. [21] [16] The slave concubines were sometimes forced to convert to shia islam upon entering the harem, and referred to as kaniz. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1492/women-in-ancient-persia/. In southeast Iran, slave raids were conducted by slavers, often local chieftains, as late as around 1900. Defeat of Valerian by ShapurMarie-Lan Nguyen (CC BY-SA). Greco Persian wars | Britannica This tactic of Parthian warfare came as a complete surprise and was quite effective even after opposing forces became aware of it. Mark, Joshua J.. "Ancient Persia." Laborers, servants, and slaves all followed, more or less, the Achaemenid model of employment, pay, and fair treatment. Slavery in the Parthian period followed the earlier paradigm to such an extent as to be almost non-existent when compared to how the institution was practiced in other civilizations. Slavery in Iran - Wikipedia Slaves were well-integrated into Iranian society. We care about our planet! World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. Emperor Cyrus the Great came to power around 550 BC. [12], As in previous times, slaves were used as eunuchs, domestic servants and concubines in the harems; as military men, administrative staff, or field laborers; it was considered a matter of status to have slaves in the household. Cambyses II is said to have assassinated his brother and Gaumata to have assumed Bardiya's identity while Cambyses II was campaigning in Egypt. The history of carpet weaving in Persia dates back to the nomadic tribes. At stake in the struggle was the future leadership of Greece, western Anatolia, and the entire Aegean basin. The business activities and travels of businesswomen/merchants and the pay scale for laborers is also noted in the Persepolis texts. Compared to other imperial powers in West Asia, the Persians, The language of the Persians is today known as. Sometime prior to 640 BCE, Teispes divided his kingdom between his sons Cyrus I (r. 625-600 BCE) and Ararnamnes. The bill also empowered the government to take immediate action for the emancipation of all slaves. Further, however, the Parthians decentralized the ancient Persian government in an effort to avoid the perceived weakness of the earlier Seleucid Empire (312-63 BCE) and so there was no central repository for records as there had been in the time of the Achaemenids. Single Article In Iran, no one shall be recognized as slave and every slave will be emancipated upon arrival at Iran`s territorial soil or waters. A fearsome warrior; the Persian Empire he founded left a legacy that included an efficient system of government, a tolerant society, a model for fostering commerce and cooperation among many cultures, and a conception of a universal god who rewards those who lead good lives and work for justice. Mark has lived in Greece and Germany and traveled through Egypt. Highly-paid female supervisors were known as arashshara (great chief) and received a larger amount of wine and grain for overseeing the work of often large groups of subordinates. [19] Normally, white and light skinned slaves were used for concubinage, while black slaves were used domestics (maids, nannies and eunuchs). Please support World History Encyclopedia. Persian Empire: The Persian Empire began in 550 BCE when Cyrus the Great conquered a vast area in what is now centered around the state of Iran and formed the Empire. They brought with them a polytheistic religion closely associated with the Vedic thought of the Indo-Aryans the people who would settle in northern India characterized by dualism and the veneration of fire as an embodiment of the divine. To this end, he made his son Shapur I (r. 240-270 CE) co-regent in 240 CE. {{cite conference}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link). Persia: 2000 BCE to 637 CE Flashcards | Quizlet One example of this concerns marriage contracts in that Parthian monarchs continued the Achaemenid practice of marrying members of their own families but, for royalty, this was not considered incestuous. The lifestyle and activities of royal Parthian women seem to have mirrored those of the Achaemenid Period or, at least, of royal women of the Seleucid Period which continued many of the Achaemenid policies. The ancient Persian capital city of Persepolis, situated in southern Iran, ranks among the worlds greatest archeological sites. Because of their participation in cuneiform culture, the Elamites are one of the few pre-Achaemenid civilizations of Iran to leave written attestations of slavery, and details of slavery among the Gutians, Kassites, Medes, Mannaeans, and other preliterate peoples of Bronze Age Iran are largely unrecorded. The Persian Empire | Greek Slave Systems in their Eastern Mediterranean Manumissions were recorded, which suggests that a freedman who was challenged would be able to document their free status. [12], What ultimately led to the abolition of the slave trade and the emancipation of slaves in Iran were internal pressures for reform. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Question 45 5 points most slaves in the persian - Course Hero His successor, Mithridates I (r. 171-132 BCE), would consolidate these regions and expand the Parthian Empire further. A. Perikhanian (1983). We want people all over the world to learn about history. 2021. It was still hardly at full strength when it was conquered by the Muslim Arabs in the 7th century CE. The king's mother and principal wife (known as the Shahbanu, King's Lady) traveled on their own as well as with him on military campaigns and in overseeing administrative affairs. The Elamites, as noted, were already established in this area at the time and, most likely, were the indigenous people. From the Mongols to the abolition of slavery, "BARDA and BARDA-DRI iv. Question 1 5 / 5 points Most slaves in the Persian Empire were: Question options: debtors. Did the Persian empire have slaves? | Homework.Study.com HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. They recruited a substantial number of their domestic slaves from these vanquished peoples. All articles are regularly reviewed and updated by the HISTORY.com team. Anthony A. Lee, Enslaved African Women in Nineteenth-Century Iran: The Life of Fezzeh Khanom of Shiraz, Iranian Studies (May 2012). 4. Achaemenid Empire. Businesswomen traded as freely as businessmen throughout the Sassanian Empire although there is no singular example of this comparable to Irdabama of the Achaemenid Period. We want people all over the world to learn about history. Cyrus II, it seems, developed the qanat across a much greater area but it was an earlier Persian invention as was the yakhchal great domed coolers which created and preserved ice, the first refrigerators whose use he also encouraged. The Medes united under a single chief named Dayukku (known by the Greeks as Deioces, r. 727-675 BCE) and founded their state in Ecbatana. 'The Empire'[17] or 'The Kingdom'[18]), was the ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC; the First Persian Empire. Other royal women of note include Aspas, chief of the secret police under Ardashir II (r. 379-383 CE); Princess Parin, daughter of a high court official under Kavad I (r. 488-496 CE), who was instrumental in negotiations between Kavad I's court and the Byzantine Empire; Zand Shahbanu, wife of Kosrau I (r. 531-579 CE), who advised him; and Purandokht (also known as Boran), daughter of Kosrau II (r. 590-628 CE), who became empress of the Sassanian Empire, reigning from 629-631 CE. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. Titles of respect accorded to royal Persian women seem to have derived from the earlier Elamite culture and, most likely, the Median Empire which was the immediate precursor to the Achaemenid Persian Empire (c. 550-330 BCE) founded by Cyrus the Great (r. c. 550-530 BCE). Question. [6], Under the Achaemenids, Persian nobles in Babylonia and other conquered states became large slave owners. The best-known figure along these lines is Banu, wife of Babak Khorramdin (d. 838 CE), who led a resistance cell with him until they were betrayed, captured, and executed under the Abbasid Caliphate. Under this period Roman prisoners of war were used in farming in Babylonia, Shush, and Persis.[9]. Cyrus the Great is immortalized in the Cyrus Cylinder, a clay cylinder inscribed in 539 BC with the story of how he conquered Babylon from King Nabonidus, bringing an end to the Neo-Babylonian empire. It is noted that the position of the formerly powerful eunuchs of the royal harem diminished in this period because of their shrinking numbers. Dancing, music, and storytelling have always been central to Persian life and values but the Sassanians encouraged dance to a far greater degree for both men and women. The Persians were the first people to establish regular routes of communication between three continentsAfrica, Asia and Europe. The first Persian Empire was shaped by a different religion: Zoroastrianism. In the case of nonpayment of a debt by the appointed deadline, the creditor could turn the children of the debtor into slaves. Her army was defeated but Apranik would not surrender and continued to fight a guerilla war against her enemies until she was killed in battle. Greek writers of the time expressed that all Persian people were slaves to their king. f. The Achaemenid dynasty finally fell to the invading armies of Alexander the Great of Macedon in 330 B.C. Xerxes I (r. 486-465 BCE) added a harem building at Persepolis close to his palace, suggesting the elevated status of the women. [12] Slaves owned by the Turkmen tribes were used to herd their flocks and till their land, and in southeast Iran slaves were almost exclusively held for agricultural labor. At the same time and under various pressures, the British Empire decided to curb the slave trade through the Indian Ocean. A notable businesswoman and merchant, Irdabama, who lived during the reign of Darius I, traveled extensively on business and personally oversaw production and trade in the region of modern-day Shiraz, Iran, in Babylonia, Egypt, Media, and Syria. Cyrus the Greatthe leader of one such tribebegan to defeat nearby kingdoms, including Media, Lydia and Babylon, joining them under one rule. Persia has SLAVERY (Having "Bardeh", in persian) through out the history, till 120 years ago, when a law was passed against it (for several centuries before that slavery was not completely legal but still practiced). READ MORE:How Alexander the Great Conquered the Persian Empire. Sherley, Anthony, Robert Sherley, and Thomas Sherley. Although Susa is often equated with Elam, they were different polities; Susa was founded before even the Proto-Elamite Period (c. 3200-2700 BCE) though it was contemporaneous with Elamite culture. Kaveh Farrokh writes: A summary of a report made by the Reuters News Agency in 3 December 2004, entitled `Bones Suggest Women Went to War in Ancient Iran' noted that DNA tests made on a 2,000-year-old skeleton of a sword-wielding warrior in northwest Iran have shown that the bones belonged to a woman. The Lydians continued to worship their goddess Cybele, and other ethnicities their own deities as well. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. [8] Slaves were also employed as entertainers and for secretarial and financial duties, as musicians, as soldiers, as tenders of farm animals and horses, and as domestics and cooks. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. After the Islamic conquest of Iran, slavery and slave trade came to be similar to those conducted in other Muslim regions, and were directed toward non-Muslims. Question. World Civilization Lesson 3.docx - Question 1 5 / 5 points Most slaves But, some of the Persian Empire's. See full answer below. Seleucus I kept the Persian model of government and religious toleration but filled top administrative positions with Greeks. The Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes (r. 175-164 BCE) focused entirely on his own self-interests and his successors would continue this pattern. However, the creditor could not sell a debtor into slavery to a third party. Subsequent rulers in the Achaemenid Empire followed Cyrus the Greats hands-off approach to social and religious affairs, allowing Persias diverse citizenry to continue practicing their own ways of life. Usually the debtor paid off the loan by free work for the creditor, thereby retaining his freedom. Persia (roughly modern-day Iran) is among the oldest inhabited regions in the world. The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire[16] (/kimnd/; Old Persian: , Xa, lit. 2001. Asked 149 days ago|11/18/2022 3:01:51 AM. In these countries of the empire, slavery had already undergone important changes by the time of the emergence of the Persian state. As the empire grew too big to manage, subject states would revolt . Pregnant women, however, received higher wages as did new mothers for the first month after the birth of their child. There is no specific information on female Parthian merchants or laborers but it is assumed that in this, as in other aspects, the Parthians adhered more or less to the Achaemenid model. The Sassanian Empire was the last of the Persian governments to hold the region before the Muslim Arab conquest of the 7th century CE. Religions Under Persian Rule; BBC.The Achaemenid Persian Empire (550-330 B.C. 01 May 2023. A major difference between the earlier periods and the Sassanian was the emphasis on dancing. 0 Answers/Comments. Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! The wives and slave concubines of shah Fath-Ali Shah Qajar came from the harems of the vanquished houses of Zand and Afr; from the Georgian and Armenian campaigns; as well as from the slave markets, and presented as gifts to the shah from the provinces. Consequently, by 1870 the trade in African slaves to Iran through the Indian Ocean had been significantly diminished. License. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. Answer and Explanation: Become a Study.com member to unlock this answer! The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Accessed 28 Mar. The Persian Empire entered a period of decline after a failed invasion of Greece by Xerxes I in 480 BC. White slaves were often provided through warfare such as the Russo-Iranian wars, tribal incursions, slave raids and punitive expeditions in Caucasus and Northern Iran, which provided for Christian Armenian, Georgian and Circassians, and for Muslim Iranians capture in slave raids by the Turkmens. In order to maintain a stable environment, he instituted a governmental hierarchy with himself at the top surrounded by advisors who relayed his decrees to secretaries who then passed these on to regional governors (satraps) in each province (satrapy). Even so, Rome's power was on the rise as an empire founded by Augustus (r. 27 BCE - 14 CE) and by 165 CE the Parthian Empire had been severely weakened by Roman campaigns. Other terms used to describe slaves within the empire could also have other meanings; such as "kurta" and "mniya-", which could mean hired or indentured workers in some contexts. Ruled through persuasion and compromise rather than force and humiliation; treated conquered peoples benevolently, allowing deported peoples to return to their homelands rather than enslaving them; permitted the peoples he defeated to retain their own religions and cultures while simultaneously offering them partnership in the Persian Empire. The Parthians reduced the threat of rebellion in the provinces by shrinking the size of satrapies (now called eparchies) and allowing kings of conquered regions to retain their positions with all rights and privileges. The Achaemenian palaces of Persepolis were built upon massive terraces. BARDA and BARDA-DRI i. Achaemenid Period - Encyclopaedia Iranica International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. The Achaemenian kings were devout Zoroastrians. Even so, Persian technological, architectural, and religious innovations would come to inform the culture of the conquerors and their religion. Debt slavery and forced labor were common in Persia, but perhaps "chattel slavery" was not. (2020, January 30). 24, no. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. Who were the scholar-priests of the Persian world? We contribute a share of our revenue to remove carbon from the atmosphere and we offset our team's carbon footprint. Darius III was assassinated by his confidante and bodyguard Bessus who then proclaimed himself Artaxerxes V (r. 330-329 BCE) but was shortly after executed by Alexander who styled himself Darius' successor and is often referred to as the last monarch of the Achaemenid Empire. Cyrus II is unique among ancient conquerors for his humanitarian vision and policies as well as encouraging technological innovations. ISBN9780521246934. These client kings paid tribute to the empire, enriching the Parthian treasury, while maintaining peace simply because it was in their own best interests. battle captives. The principal wife held her own court, could sign agreements with her own seal, and had unlimited access to the king, even being welcomed at official visits from foreign dignitaries and participating in the meetings. Advertisement. The monarchs of the Safavid dynasty preferred to procreate through slave concubines, which would neutralize potential ambitions from relatives and other inlaws and protect patrimony. The king's daughters and sisters served primarily in sealing alliances, treaties, and business deals through marriages but still could own their own lands and conduct their own businesses as could the lesser wives. From the Mongols to the abolition of slavery", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slavery_in_Iran&oldid=1152302321, Articles to be expanded from October 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Sources of slaves were both foreign (e.g., non-. [22], The 1828 war with Russia put an end to the import of white slaves from the Russian Empire borderlands as it undermined the trade in Circassians and Georgians, which both Iran and neighboring Turkey had been practicing for quite some time. Achaemenid Empire MapFabienkhan (CC BY-SA). 150s BC), Slavery in Parthian Iran (c. 150s BC224 AD), Slavery under the Umayyads, Abbasids, and Persianate Muslim dynasties (c. 6421220 AD), Slavery under Mongol and Turkoman rule (c. 12201502 AD), Slavery in Safavid Iran (c. 15021736 AD), Slavery under Nader Shah and his successors (c. 17361796 AD), Figueroa, Don Garcia. The Median Empire (678-550 BCE) was followed by one of the greatest political and social entities of the ancient world, the Persian Achaemenid Empire (c. 550-330 BCE) which was conquered by Alexander the Great and later replaced by the Seleucid Empire (312-63 BCE), Parthia (247 BCE-224 CE), and the Sassanian Empire (224 - 651 CE) in succession. [12] Young slave boys below puberty (olm-baa) served as servants and playmates in the harem. [8], The slaves were used in Iran itself, particular in the households of the Muslim governors, but Iran was also a great transfer area of the slave trade to the Abbasid Caliphate. Scholar Kaveh Farrokh notes that tombs attesting to the existence of Iranian-speaking women warriors have [been found in Iran and] also been excavated in Eastern Europe (128). He may have also commissioned the impressive Taq Kasra arch, still standing, at Ctesiphon although some scholars credit this to the later monarch Kosrau I. Royal women also engaged in business as in the case of Parysatis who owned a number of villages in Babylonia and traveled there personally to collect the rent. They had their own entourage, staff to attend their needs, and were given places of honor at banquets alongside distinguished male guests. Phoenicia-timber. Plutarch also mentions that after the Romans were defeated in the Battle of Carrhae all the surviving Roman legionnaires were enslaved by the Parthians. The Seleucids were finally reduced to a small buffer kingdom in Syria after their defeat by the Roman general Pompey the Great (l. c. 106-48 BCE) while, by that time (63 BCE), the Parthian Empire was at its height following the reign of Mithridates II (124-88 BCE) who had expanded the empire even further. In Pre-Islamic Persia Encyclopaedia Iranica - by Maria Brosius, Women's Lives in Ancient Persia by Massoume Price, Ctesias' 'History of Persia': Tales of the Orient, The Armies of Ancient Persia: The Sassanians, The Persians: Ancient, Mediaeval and Modern Iran, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike, Principal Wife (mother of the king's heir), Noble women (wives and relatives of courtiers, satraps, military men). Iran Politics Club: History of Slavery in Iran Started with Islam Cite This Work World History Encyclopedia. Ancient Persia. The Sassanian Empire, like most if not all others, declined through weak rulers who made poor choices, the corruption of the clergy, and the onslaught of the plague in 627-628 CE. Embossed bas relief carvings of servants bringing gifts to the king on the sidewall of stairs in front of Tachara Palace, also known as the Palace of Darius, in Persepolis. Anatolia-gold. The Achaemenid Persian Empire functioned as well as it did because Women i. Other notable Achaemenid warrior women were Pantea Artesbod, who lived during the reign of Cyrus the Great and was instrumental along with her husband in the organization of the elite military unit of the 10,000 Persian Immortals, Artunis (l. c. 540-500 BCE), a Lieutenant Commander of the army, remembered for her courage and skill in battle, and Youtab Aryobarzan (d. 330 BCE), who served in the army and fell with her brother Ariobarzanes (l. 386-330 BCE) defending the Persian Gates against the forces of Alexander the Great. [12], Male slaves were referred to as olm (in Arabic lit. This preview shows page 2 - 4 out of 7 pages. The Ionian Greek colonies of Asia Minor were among these and, since their efforts were backed by Athens, Darius launched an invasion of Greece which was halted at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BCE. White slaves were mainly provided from the Caucasus area or the Caspian Sea through warfare and slave trade. Slavery in the Ancient Persian empire - YouTube The empires of ancient Persia were the Achaemenid Empire (c. 550-330 BCE), the Parthian Empire (247 BCE-224 CE), and the Sassanian Empire (224-651 CE). He also mentions the defeat of Ionians, and their allies Eretria who supported the Ionians and subsequent enslavement of the rebels and supporting population. He was a benevolent leader who freed some enslaved people. This answer has been confirmed as correct and helpful. This same paradigm was maintained by the Parthian Empire (227 BCE - 224 CE) although, because of a loss of records and artwork following Parthia's fall to the Sassanian Empire (224-651 CE), not as much is clearly known of the details of women's lives during this period. Question 2 5 / 5 points Who was the first Athenian dramatist of the Classical Period? Web. Slavery in Persia? One of the most famous dancers of this era was Zenon, during the reign of Ardashir II, who was greatly admired. Map entitled 'Persian Empire in the Time of Darius and Xerxes,' shows territories in Asia and the Middle East during the 330s. Farrokh continues: Women were recruited for combat roles at critical times, one example being at Singara (343 or 344 CE), of which Libarnius reports that 'the Persians enlisted the help of their women'. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. The ancient kingdom of Elam in this area was among the most advanced of its time (its oldest settlement, the archaeological site of Chogha Bonut, dates to c. 7200 BCE) before parts of it were conquered by the Sumerians, later completely by the Assyrians, and then by the Medes. The Persians under their king Teispes (son of Achaemenes, r. 675-640 BCE) settled to the east of Elam in the territory known as Persis (also Parsa, modern Fars) which would give the tribe the name they are known by. [19] Kosrau I continued the policies of religious tolerance and inclusion as well as the ancient Persian antipathy towards slavery. to the twentieth century A.D. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. [20][8] The slave concubines of the harem were mainly white, dominantly Turkmen and Kurdish captives under the supervision of female chief called aqal (al). Most slaves in the Persian Empire were Both conquered extensive new territories The rule of Cyrus and Darius resembled each other in what way? Jews, Christians, and members of other religious faiths were free to practice their beliefs, build houses of worship, and participate in government. Bow Before Me. Slaves were at the bottom of the social pyramid. Parthian ArcherThe British Museum (Copyright). There are a number of Iranian festivals throughout the year honoring the earth, the elements, and women, and on the festival of Esfandgaan where gratitude toward women is especially emphasized the stories of the great women of the past continue to be told, not only in their honor but also to encourage the same level of respect for women in the present as the great Persian empires accorded them in the past. All Cyrus II asked was that citizens of his empire live peacefully with each other, serve in his armies, and pay their taxes. As a matter of fact Persians were anti slavery and the best example was freedom of 42,000 Jews from slavery of Babylon by Cyrus The Great. Arabia-spices. The costly defense of Persias lands depleted the empires funds, leading to heavier taxation among Persias subjects.

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